解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::The calculation of radiation dose estimates to the fetus is often important in nuclear medicine. To obtain the best estimates of radiation dose to the fetus, the best biological and physical models should be employed. In this paper the most recent data available on the placental crossover of many radiopharmaceuticals ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199711000-00002
更新日期:1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::DOE facilities are required to conduct environmental surveillance to verify that facility operations are operated within the approved risk envelope and have not caused undue risk to the public and the environment. Given a reduced budget, a strategy for analyzing environmental surveillance data was developed to set pri...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199711000-00012
更新日期:1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Twenty-six white male workers who did the original plutonium research and development work at Los Alamos have been examined periodically over the past 50 y to identify possible health effects from internal plutonium depositions. Their effective doses range from 0.1 to 7.2 Sv with a median value of 1.25 Sv. As of the e...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199710000-00004
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A comparison of the risk coefficients for 239Pu- or 226Ra-induced bone cancer in two canine breeds, one with a relatively low (beagle) and the other with a very high (St. Bernard) natural incidence, indicated only slightly higher risk in the giant breed. The differences in risk for skeletal malignancy in 239Pu and 226...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199710000-00014
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Uptake of 226Ra, 232Th, 230Th, and 228Th from water, sediment, and diet sources to bone and muscle of white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) was studied in sixteen lakes in the uranium-mining district of Ontario, Canada. Fish tissues did not increase linearly with environmental concentrations. The best relationship app...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199709000-00007
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In situ and laboratory gamma spectroscopy were used to characterize natural background levels of radiation in the soil at eight sites around the Yucca Mountain Range. The purpose of this practical field analysis was to determine if published empirical in situ calibration factors would yield accurate quantitative speci...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199708000-00007
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Marshall Islands were the site of numerous tests of nuclear weapons by the United States. From 1946 to 1958, nuclear devices were detonated at Enewetak and Bikini Atolls. Following the inadvertent contamination of the northern islands downwind of the 1954 Bravo Test, Brookhaven National Laboratory became involved ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199707000-00007
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The prevalence of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer was studied in the indigenous population residing on Ebeye Island, Kwajalein Atoll, in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. This island, centrally located in the nation, is home to about 25% of the nation's population, many who have migrated there from other atolls...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199707000-00017
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::As part of the UK Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food Directorate of Fisheries Research (MAFF/DFR) post-Chernobyl monitoring program, a detailed study was carried out of the change over time in dissolved-phase 137Cs concentrations in a number of lakes in Cumbria, UK. These measurements have been combined with p...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199706000-00007
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fetal radiation dose estimates were calculated for women who received oral administrations of 59Fe at Vanderbilt University in the 1940's. A similar dosimetry analysis was performed by Dyer and Brill in 1972; the availability of recently developed physical models of the pregnant female at different stages of gestation...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199705000-00004
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::To validate a model for radon transport in soil, measurements of diffusive radon transport under well-defined and controlled conditions have been made in a homogeneous column of dry sand with an air-filled volume on top. This volume simulates a crawl space. The measurements concern time-dependent diffusive transport w...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199705000-00014
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::First, some of the early work is reviewed on exposure pathways in connection with proposed and early liquid radioactive waste discharges from Sellafield. The main historical features of these discharges, affected by relevant plant operations, are then briefly described. The important radiological exposure pathways res...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199704000-00007
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The kinetics with which tritiated thymidine is eliminated from birds and the concentration of radioactivity remaining in the carcass after 350-430 h were measured. Birds injected with tritiated thymidine eliminated 98% of the radioactivity injected within 28 h. Ninety-eight percent was identified in the excreta, and l...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199704000-00017
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quantification of the biologically relevant dose is required for the establishment of cause-and-effect between radiation detriment or burden and important biological outcomes. Most epidemiological studies of unanticipated radiation exposure fail to establish cause and effect because of an inability to construct a vali...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199703000-00006
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Institutional radiation safety programs routinely use wipe test sampling and liquid scintillation counting analysis to indicate the presence of removable radioactive contamination. Significant volumes of liquid waste can be generated by such surveillance activities, and the subsequent disposal of these materials can s...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199703000-00016
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::For efficiently measuring ultraviolet transmission through clothing materials for a large number of samples, an automated measuring system with a broad-band method has been built and calibrated against a spectroradiometer based instrument. The apparatus can be used to test 60 samples in 25 min. A selection of clothing...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199702000-00008
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::With present-day rapid increases in the applications of radiofrequency microwave radiation in research, medicine, defense, communications, and industry, it has become necessary to have simple inexpensive portable radiofrequency microwave field strength meters for health and safety surveys around operating equipment. T...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199702000-00018
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Following the 1986 Chernobyl event, large amounts of radioactive materials were deposited in nearby areas. Concentrations of various radionuclides were measured in air and surface soil. To study the resuspension of radioactive particulate, three different exposure situations were developed on the basis of the collecte...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199701000-00010
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In Region of Interest (ROI) Fluoroscopy, an ROI filter is inserted into the x-ray beam in order to decrease the patient exposure in the peripheral part of the field of view. A filter placement device has been designed and constructed for the practical implementation of ROI fluoroscopy. When unmodified spot films are r...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199701000-00020
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A filter air sampler has been developed for sampling radionuclide aerosol particles from the workplace environment. It provides easy filter changing, constant flow sampling, and a visual display to indicate proper operation. An experimental study was conducted to characterize the collection efficiency of the sampler a...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199612000-00003
更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The standard mathematical treatment of the buildup and decay of airborne radionuclides on a filter paper uses the solutions of the so-called Bateman equations adapted to the sampling process. These equations can be interpreted as differential equations for the expectation of an underlying stochastic process, which des...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199612000-00013
更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The most effective countermeasure for radioiodine contamination of milk is to provide dairy animals with uncontaminated feed, with the added advantage that it will be effective for other radionuclides in the fallout. Another effective response is to process the milk into storable dairy products for an appropriate leng...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199611000-00005
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Radioiodine released to the atmosphere from the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station in the spring of 1986 resulted in large-scale thyroid-gland exposure of populations in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. Because of the short half life of 131I (8.04 d), adequate data on the intensities and patterns of iodine d...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199611000-00015
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The U.S. Department of Energy initiated the Radiation Exposure Review Project to provide a critical reexamination of radiation doses to people resulting from testing nuclear devices at the Nevada Test Site. One part of this effort focused on the dose resulting from the ingestion of contaminated food. The PATHWAY radio...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199610000-00007
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::One goal of this research was to reproduce the photon specific absorbed fraction calculations of Cristy and Eckerman using their gastrointestinal (GI) tract model. A second goal was to calculate photon specific absorbed fraction values for their GI tract model using electron tracking techniques. A final goal was to ca...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199609000-00005
更新日期:1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The longterm behavior of 137Cs in milk of a Bavarian farm (farm A) deposited as a consequence of the Chernobyl accident has been followed from April 1986 until August 1994. On the basis of activity measurements in milk and feed, transfer coefficients for the different seasons have been estimated in order to see any ch...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199609000-00015
更新日期:1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The factors affecting indoor radon properties in Hong Kong have been studied, including the radon concentration, the total potential alpha energy concentration of radon progeny, the equilibrium factor, and the fraction of unattached radon progeny. These factors fall into three categories, namely, (1) the building char...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199608000-00008
更新日期:1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Radiation doses to workers at the Manhattan Engineer District (MED) and Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) sites due to external irradiation during 1940-1960 are reviewed. Categorized radiation dose data were available from AEC annual reports for some years. Annual individual radiation dose data for nine MED/AEC sites for...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199607000-00008
更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A system for evaluating quality factors, Q, based on the microdosimetric distribution of the radiation field of interest has been set up; it makes use of a specific quality function (SQF) to obtain--given microdosimetric spectra--values for Q. The advantages of a system based on lineal energy are well recognized. Furt...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199606000-00010
更新日期:1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Röntgen's description of his discovery of x rays was convincing and comprehensive. The response of the scientific community and public was immediate and intense. In contrast, the discovery of radioactivity was a muddled affair that excited little interest. While it would prove far more revolutionary than that of x ray...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199605000-00001
更新日期:1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A survey of the 222Rn concentrations in 106 homes in the four main towns of the Central Asturias region was carried out over three years. A total of 1,014 measurements was obtained using passive radon charcoal canisters. The 222Rn concentrations fit a log-normal distribution law, with a geometric mean of 23 Bq m(-3). ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199605000-00010
更新日期:1996-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::This work describes the design, development, and characterization of an ionization chamber to detect and locate gamma ray sources with intensities down to 100 mu Gy h(-1). The results show that sources of x ray and gamma radiation in the energy range of 14 to 1,250 keV can be located. The directional sensitivity of th...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199604000-00007
更新日期:1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Radioactive sources have been inadvertently incorporated into consignments of scrap metal in various locations throughout the world. In 1990, a 3.7 GBq 137 Cs source, due for transfer from a Scottish industrial establishment to one in England, was mistakenly included in a scrap consignment destined for Irish Steel, a ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199604000-00017
更新日期:1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Measurements have been made of surface deposition rates for 218Po radon decay products in a small (0.283m3) aluminum test chamber for 222Rn levels from 1 to 1,600 kBq m-3. an increase in macroscopic surface deposition rate has been found to be induced by the high 222Rn concentrations. A distinct 222Rn level threshold ...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199603000-00008
更新日期:1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A new method to trace back average radon concentrations in dwellings over several decades in time has been developed. This retrospective radon monitor is based on the measurement of the alpha activity of 210Po deposited in volume traps, e.g., spongy materials used for mattresses and cushions. Polyester samples with di...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199602000-00010
更新日期:1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This work was directed towards an assessment of alpha/beta separation, alpha detection efficiency, energy resolution, quench sensitivity, and background count rate for four commercially available liquid scintillation cocktails using a Wallac 1415 liquid scintillation counter. The four cocktails were Wallac Oy OptiPhas...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199601000-00007
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Radon progeny are positively charged immediately after formation. A negatively charged electret collects radon progeny atoms which are produced in the diffusion chamber. The detector sensitivity may be increased by using an electret in front of solid state nuclear track detector. Dependence of detection sensitivity on...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199512000-00008
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Treatment of diseases with x rays began within months of Roentgen's discovery, and within four years x rays were being used successfully for the treatment of skin cancers. Deep-seated cancers began to be treated successfully in the 1920's with the advent of "deep" x-ray units and, especially, once supervoltage therapy...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00004032-199511000-00004
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper broadly examines the historical development of radiation protection in medical practice through an examination of the interactions of those concerned with radiation protection and medical practice with emphasis on the last half century and on the role played by health physicists and the Health Physics Socie...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199511000-00014
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Small plastic chambers containing alpha track detectors are often used for measuring indoor concentrations of 222Rn. This paper reports an experimental assessment of sources of error in measurements made with alpha track detector-containing chambers. The results demonstrate the feasibility of a nondestructive test for...
journal_title:Health physics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00004032-199510000-00008
更新日期:1995-10-01 00:00:00